Zero caste based reservation system in the field of education and opportunities

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[{"data":"Reservation in India\u00a0is a system of affirmative action that provides representation for historically and currently disadvantaged groups in Indian society in education, employment and politics. Enshrined in Articles 15 and 16 of the Indian Constitution, it allows the Indian government to set quotas to ensure any \"socially and educationally backward classes of citizens\" is properly represented in public life. It is intended to realise the promise of equality enshrined in the\u00a0Constitution of India.<\/p>","type":"txt","id":1593872514590},{"id":1593873003399,"type":"img","data":"5f00926c3845d"},{"data":"Reservation is primarily given to 3 groups:\u00a0Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and\u00a0Other Backward Classes, abbreviated as SC, ST, and OBC respectively. These are groups that have faced social and economic discrimination in the past and\/or the present and were severely underrepresented in public life. Originally reservation was only given to SCs and STs but was later extended to OBCs in 1987 after the implementation of the\u00a0Mandal Commission\u00a0report. There are income caps on EWS (Economically weaker sections) and OBCs (Other backward classes) and no income limits exist for members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.<\/p>","type":"txt","id":1593872963958},{"id":1593873088877,"type":"img","data":"5f0092c1b1b47"},{"data":"Reservation schemes<\/p>","type":"txt","id":1593873068753},{"id":1593873156530,"type":"img","data":"5f0093054ae68"},{"data":"In employment<\/p>","type":"txt","id":1593873129623},{"data":"A fixed percentage of India's government and public sector jobs are made exclusive for categories of people largely based on their caste or tribe.\n\nThe 1993 Supreme Court ruling in the Indra Sawhney case said that reservations in job promotions are \"unconstitutional\" or not in accordance with the political constitution but allowed its continuation for five years.\u00a0In 1995, the\u00a077th amendment\u00a0to the Constitution was made to amend\u00a0Article 16\u00a0before the five-year period expired to continue with reservations for SC\/STs in promotions.\u00a0It was further modified through the 85th amendment to give the benefit of\u00a0consequential seniority\u00a0to SC\/ST candidates promoted by reservation.\n\nThe 81st amendment was made to the Constitution to permit the government to treat the backlog of reserved vacancies as a separate and distinct group, to which the ceiling of 50 per cent did not apply.\u00a0The 82nd amendment inserted a provision in Article 335 to enable states to give concessions to SC\/ST candidates in promotion.\n\nThe validity of all the above four amendments was challenged in the Supreme Court through various petitions clubbed together in\u00a0M. Nagaraj & Others Vs. Union of India & Others, mainly on the ground that these altered the\u00a0Basic Structure of the Constitution. In 2006, the Supreme Court upheld the amendments but stipulated that the concerned state will have to show, in each case, the existence of \"compelling reasons\" - which include \"backwardness\", \"inadequacy of representation\" and overall \"administrative efficiency - before making provisions for reservation. The court further held that these provisions are merely\u00a0enabling provisions. If a state government wishes to make provisions for reservation to SC\/STs in the promotion, the state has to collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of the class and inadequacy of representation of that class.\n\nIn education<\/p>","type":"txt","id":1593873188773},{"data":"In India scholarships or student aid is available for\u2014SCs, STs, BCs, OBCs, women, Muslims, and other minorities. Only about 0.7% of scholarships or student aid in India is based on merit, given the grossly inadequate representation of above-mentioned categories in employment and education due to historic, societal and cultural reasons.\n\nNew rules implementation of UPA Government do not provide scholarship scheme and reservation quota of students and employees of colleges under central University and State University approved by the UGC.\n\nMainly women have more reservation<\/p>","type":"txt","id":1593873301758},{"data":"The\u00a0Women's Reservation Bill\u00a0was passed by the\u00a0Rajya Sabha\u00a0on 9 March 2010 by a majority vote of 186 members in favour and 1 against. As of March 2013, the\u00a0Lok Sabha\u00a0has not voted on the bill. Critics say gender cannot be held as a basis for reservation alone other factors should also be considered e.g. economic, social conditions of woman candidate especially when applying reservation for educated women.\n\nIn Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh, 33% of posts are reserved for females in all government departments and services, such as police, health, education and general administration\n\n<\/p>","type":"txt","id":1593873674364},{"id":1593873858367,"type":"img","data":"5f0095c330717"},{"data":"There are no exclusions for SC\/ST people.\n\nFor OBC's people in the following categories are not entitled to take advantage of the reservation system:\n\nChildren of officials in high office as per the Constitution.\n\nChildren of civil servants in high positions.\n\nChildren of\u00a0armed force\u00a0officers of high rank.\n\nChildren of professionals and those engaged in trade and industry.\n\nChildren of property owners.\n\nChildren of people with annual income exceeding\u00a0\u20b98,00,000 .\n\nInstitutions of Excellence, research institutions, Institutions of National and Strategic Importance such as\u00a0Centre for Development of Advanced Computing,\u00a0Homi Bhabha National Institute\u00a0and its ten constituent units, the\u00a0Tata Institute of Fundamental Research\u00a0(Mumbai), the\u00a0North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences\u00a0(Shillong),\u00a0Physical Research Laboratory\u00a0(Ahmedabad), the\u00a0Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre\u00a0(Thiruvananthapuram) and the\u00a0Indian Institute of Remote Sensing\u00a0(Dehradun) do not have reservations for higher education.However Institutes of National Importance such as\u00a0Indian Institutes of Management\u00a0(IIMs),Indian Institutes of Technology\u00a0(IITs).\u00a0National Institutes of Technology\u00a0(NIT) and Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT) have provision of reservation in admission process for undergraduate and graduate programs.\n\nOn 27 October 2015, the Supreme Court directed the state and the Central governments to end the regional quota and to ensure that super-specialty medical courses are kept \"unreserved, open and free\" from any domicile status after the court had allowed petitions files by some MBBS doctors\n\n<\/p>","type":"txt","id":1593873789725},{"id":1593874110978,"type":"img","data":"5f0096bfc2bdd"},{"data":"The first are the\u00a0Scheduled Castes\u00a0These communities were variously seen as at the bottom or \"underneath\" the\u00a0caste system\u00a0in South Asia, below even the\u00a0Sudra\u00a0varna. These castes have hereditary professions considered impure by South Asian society, such as sewage cleaning, tannery, or washing clothes, and were thus considered\u00a0polluted\u00a0by other castes. They are subject to the practice of\u00a0untouchability.<\/p>","type":"txt","id":1593874038645},{"data":"The next group are the\u00a0Scheduled Tribes. The definition of this group varies, but the criteria for a Scheduled Tribe \"indications of primitive traits, distinctive culture, geographical isolation, shyness of contact with the community at large, and backwardness.\" Most of these groups are considered\u00a0Adivasis,\u00a0Bodo,\u00a0Gondi,\u00a0Banjara, and\u00a0Santal.The third main group are the\u00a0Other Backward Classes. They were not originally in the reservation scheme, but during the premiership of Moraji Desai, the Mandal Commission studied all the communitiesin India to find what castes were \"backward\" compared to the general population.\u00a0<\/p>","type":"txt","id":1593874035377},{"id":1593874694633,"type":"img","data":"5f0099076cd32"},{"data":"<\/p>","type":"txt","id":1593874307119}]

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